Heart disease & stroke statistics—2009: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 119:e21–e181, 2009. Medline abstracts
Aspinall W: Clinical testing for the craniovertebral hypermobility syndrome. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 12:180–181, 1989.
Childs JD, Flynn TW, Fritz JM, et al: Screening for vertebrobasilar insufficiency in patients with neck pain: manual therapy decision-making in the presence of uncertainty. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 35(5):300–306, 2005. Medline abstracts
Rivett DA: The premanipulative vertebral artery testing protocol: a brief review. Physiotherapy 23:9–12, 1995.
Thiel H, Wallace K, Donut J, et al: Effect of various head and neck positions on vertebral artery blood flow. Clin Biomech 9:105–110, 1994.
Childs JD: Screening for vertebrobasilar insufficiency in patients with neck pain: manual therapy decision-making in the presence of uncertainty. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 35(5): 300–306, 2005. Medline abstracts
Richter RR, Reinking MF: How does evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of the vertebral artery test influence teaching of the test in a professional physical therapist education program? Phys Ther 85(6):589–599, 2005. Medline abstracts
Trumbore DJ: Statins and myalgia: a case report of pharmacovigilance with implications for physical therapy case report presented in partial fulfillment of DPT 910, Principles of Differential Diagnosis, Institute for Physical Therapy Education, Chester, Pennsylvania, 2005, Widener University.
Zhao H, Thomas G, Leung Y, et al: Statins in lipid-lowering therapy. Acta Cardiol Sin 19:1–11, 2003.
Rosenson RS: Current overview of statin-induced myopathy. Am J Med 116:408–416, 2004. Medline abstracts
Roten L, Schoenenberger RA, Krahenbuhl S, et al: Rhabdomyolysis in association with simvastatin and amiodarone. Ann Pharmacother 38:978–981, 2004. Medline abstracts
Tomlinson S, Mangione K: Potential adverse effects of statins on muscle: update. Phys Ther 85(5):459–465, 2005. Medline abstracts
Pasternak RC, Smith SC, Bairey-Merz CN, et al: ACC/AHA/NHLBI clinical advisory on the use and safety of statins. Circulation 106:1024, 2002.
Mills EJ: Efficacy and safety of statin treatment for cardiovascular disease: a network meta-analysis of 170,255 patients from 76 randomized trials, QJM Oct. 7, 2010. Epub ahead of print.
Chatham K: Suspected statin-induced respiratory muscle myopathy during long-term inspiratory muscle training in a patient with diaphragmatic paralysis. Phys Ther 89:257–266, 2009. Medline abstracts
Tomlinson SS: Potential adverse effects of statins on muscle. Phys Ther 85:459–465, 2005. Medline abstracts
Bruckert E: Mild to moderate muscular symptoms with high-dosage statin therapy in hyperlipidemic patients: the PRIMO study. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 19:403–414, 2005. Medline abstracts
Mann D: Trends in statin use and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels among US adults. Ann Pharmacother 42: 1208–1215, 2008. Medline abstracts
Buettner C: Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and statin use. J Gen Intl Medicine 23:1182–1186, 2008.
Baxter R, Moore J: Diagnosis and treatment of acute exertional rhabdomyolysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 33(3):104–108, 2003. Medline abstracts
Evans M, Rees A: Effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on skeletal muscle: are all statins the same? Drug Saf 25:649–663, 2002. Medline abstracts
Using Crestor—and all statins—safely, Harvard Heart Letter, September 2005; p 3. More information available at www.health.harvard.edu/heartextra. Accessed: October 17, 2010.
Cholesterol drugs: very safe and highly beneficial. Johns Hopkins Medical Letter: Health After 50 13(12):3, 2002.
DiStasi SL: Effects of statins on skeletal muscle: a perspective for physical therapists. Phys Ther 90(10):1530–1542, 2010. Medline abstracts
Kelln BM: Hand-held dynamometry: reliability of lower extremity muscle testing in healthy, physically active, young adults. J Sport Rehab 17:160–170, 2008.
Prager GW, Binder BR: Genetic determinants: is there an atherosclerosis gene ? Acta Med Austriaca 31(1):1–7, 2004. Medline abstracts
Kurtz TW, Gardner DG: Transcription-modulating drugs: a new frontier in the treatment of essential hypertension. Hypertension 32(3):380–386, 1998. Medline abstracts
Benson SC, Pershadsingh HA, Ho CI: Identification of telmisartan as a unique angiotensin II receptor antagonist with selective PPAR gamma-modulating activity. Hypertension 43(5):993–1002, 2004. Medline abstracts
Davidson M: Confirmed previous infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) and its presence in early coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 98(7):628–633, 1998. Medline abstracts
Muhlestein JB: Bacterial infections and atherosclerosis. J Invest Med 46(8):396–402, 1998.
Grayston JT, Kronmal RA, Jackson LA, et al: Azithromycin for the secondary prevention of coronary events. N Engl J Med 352(16):1637–1645, 2005. Medline abstracts
Toss H, Gnarpe J, Gnarpe H: Increased fibrinogen levels are associated with persistent Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in unstable coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 19(4):570–577, 1998.
Anderson JL, Carlquist JF, Muhlestein JB, et al: Evaluation of C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker, and infectious serology as risk factors of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 32(1):35–41, 1998. Medline abstracts
Toth PP: C-reactive protein as a potential therapeutic target in patients with coronary heart disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 7(5):333–334, 2005.
Morrow DA, Rifai N, Antman EM, et al: C-reactive protein is a potent predictor of mortality independently of and in combination with troponin T in acute coronary syndromes: a TIMI 11A substudy-thrombolysis in myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 31(7):1460–1465, 1998. Medline abstracts
Elliot WJ, Powel LH: Diagonal earlobe creases and prognosis in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Am J Med 100(2):205–211, 1996. Medline abstracts
Bahcelioglu M, Isik AF, Demirel D, et al: The diagonal ear lobe crease as sign of some diseases. Saudi Med 26(6):947–951, 2005.
Shrestha I: Diagonal ear-lobe crease is correlated with atherosclerotic changes in carotid arteries. Circ J 73(10):1945–1949, 2009. Medline abstracts
Friedlander AH: Diagonal ear lobe crease and atherosclerosis: a review of the medical literature and oral and maxillofacial implications. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Oct 22, 2010. Epub ahead of print.
Koracevic G: Point of disagreement in evidence-based medicine. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 30(1):89, 2009.
Yeh ET, Bickford CL: Cardiovascular complications of cancer therapy: incidence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. J Am Coll Cardiol 16;53(24):2231–2247, 2009.
American Heart Association (AHA): Heart and stroke encyclopedia. Available at: http://www.americanheart.org. Accessed November 11, 2010.
Gender matters: Heart disease risk in women. Harvard Women’s Health Watch 11(9):1–3, 2004.
Cheek D: What’s different about heart disease in women? Nursing2003 33(8):36–42, 2003.
LaGrossa J: Heart attack in women. Advance Online Editions for Physical Therapists, February 2, 2004. Available at: www.advanceforpt.com. Accessed October 17, 2010.
Barclay L, Vega C: AHA Updates Guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women, CME 2004. Available at: www.medscape.com. Accessed October 17, 2010.
Cohen MC, Rohtla KM, Mittleman MA et al: Meta-analysis of the morning excess of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. Am J Cardiol 79(11):1512–1516, 1997. Medline abstracts
McSweeney JC: Women’s early warning symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 108(21):2619–2623, 2003. Medline abstracts
Is it a heart attack? If you’re a woman, will you know? Berkeley Wellness Letter 17(2):10, 2000.
Marrugat J: Mortality differences between men and women following first myocardial infarction. JAMA 280:1405–1409, 1998. Medline abstracts
Hiratzka LF, Bakris GL, Beckman JA, et al: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with thoracic aortic disease: executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 76(2):E43–86, 2010. Medline abstracts
Lederle FA: Smokers’ relative risk for aortic aneurysm compared with other smoking-related diseases: a systematic review. J Vasc Surg 38:329–334, 2003. Medline abstracts
Dua MM, Dalman RL: Identifying aortic aneurysm risk factors in postmenopausal women. Womens Health 5(1):33–37, 2009.
Lederle FA: Abdominal aortic aneurysm events in the women’s health initiative: cohort study. BMJ 337:1724–1734, 2008.
US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF): One-time screening in select subsets of men. Ann Intern Med 142:198–202, 2005. Medline abstracts
Edwards JZ: Chronic back pain caused by an abdominal aortic aneurysm: case report and review of the literature. Orthopedics 26:191–192, 2003. Medline abstracts
Chervu A: Role of physical examination in detection of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Surgery 117(4):454–457, 1995. Medline abstracts
Moore KL: Clinically oriented anatomy, ed 6, Philadelphia, 2010, Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
O’Rourke MF: The cardiovascular continuum extended: aging effects on the aorta and microvasculature. Vasc Med 15(6):461–468, 2010. Medline abstracts
Hickson SS: The relationship of age with regional aortic stiffness and diameter. J Am Coll Cardiol: Cardiovascular Imaging 3(12):1247–1255, 2010.
Lam CS: Aortic root remodeling over the adult life course: longitudinal data from the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 122(9):884–890, 2010. Medline abstracts
Guinea GV: Factors influencing the mechanical behavior of healthy human descending thoracic aorta. Physiol Meas 31:1553–1565, 2010. Medline abstracts
Fink HA: The accuracy of physical examination to detect abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arch Intern Med 160:833–836, 2000. Medline abstracts
Lederle FA: Selective screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms with physical examination and ultrasound. Arch Intern Med 148:1753, 1988.
Mechelli F: Differential diagnosis of a patient referred to physical therapy with low back pain: abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 38(9):551–557, 2008. Medline abstracts
Hillman ND, Tani LY, Veasy LG, et al: Current status of surgery for rheumatic carditis in children. Ann Thoracic Surg 78(4): 1403–1408, 2004.
Sapico FL, Liquette JA, Sarma RJ: Bone and joint infections in patients with infective endocarditis: review of a 4-year experience. Clin Infect Dis 22:783–787, 1996. Medline abstracts
Vlahakis NE, Temesgen Z, Berbari EF, et al: Osteoarticular infection complicating enterococcal endocarditis. Mayo Clin Proc 78(5):623–628, 2003. Medline abstracts
Petrini JR: Racial differences by gestational age in neonatal deaths attributable to congenital heart defects in the United States. MMWR 59(37):1208–1211, 2010. Medline abstracts
Cava JR, Danduran MJ, Fedderly RT, et al: Exercise recommendations and risk factors for sudden cardiac death. Pediatr Clin North Am 51(5):1401–1420, 2004. Medline abstracts
Berger S, Kugler JD, Thomas JA, et al: Sudden cardiac death in children and adolescents: introduction and overview. Pediatr Clin North Am 51(5):1201–1209, 2004. Medline abstracts
Bader RS, Goldberg L, Sahn DJ: Risk of sudden cardiac death in young athletes: which screening strategies are appropriate? Pediatr Clin North Am 51(5):1421–1441, 2004. Medline abstracts
Freed LA, Benjamin EJ, Levy D, et al: Mitral valve prolapse in the general population: the benign nature of echocardiographic features in the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 40(7):1298–1304, 2002. Medline abstracts
Freed LA, Levy D, Levine RA, et al: Prevalence and clinical outcome of mitral valve prolapse. N Engl J Med 341(1):1–7, 1999.
Montenero A, Mollichelli N, Zumbo F, et al: Helicobacter pylori and atrial fibrillation: a possible pathogenic link. Heart 91(7):960–961, 2005. Available at: http://www.heart.bmjjournals.com. Accessed October 17, 2010. Medline abstracts
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI): The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, NIH Publication No. 03-5233, May 2003. Available at www.nhlbi.nih.gov/. Accessed October 17, 2010.
Brookes L: The definition and consequences of hypertension are evolving. Medscape Cardiology 9(1):2005. Available at: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/506463. Accessed October 20, 2010.
Your blood pressure: check that top number. Johns Hopkins Medical Letter: Health After 50 16(11):6–7, 2005.
Mancia G: Long-term risk of sustained hypertension in white-coat or masked hypertension. Hypertension 54(2):226–232, 2009. Medline abstracts
Furie KL: Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. A guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, Stroke epub ahead of print; October 21, 2010.
Miller ER, Jehn ML: New high blood pressure guidelines create new at-risk classification: changes in blood pressure classification by JNC 7. J Cardiovasc Nurs 19(6):367–371, 2004. Medline abstracts
O’Donnell CJ, Lindpaintner K, Larson MG, et al: Evidence for association and genetic linkage with hypertension and blood pressure in men but not women in the Framingham heart study. Circulation 97(18):1766–1772, 1998. Medline abstracts
Treating a mini stroke to prevent a major stroke. Johns Hopkins Medical Letter: Health After 50 17(8):6–7, 2005.
Tepper S, McKeough M: Deep venous thrombosis: risks, diagnosis, treatment interventions, and prevention. Acute Care Perspectives 9(1):1–7, 2000.
Rosenzweig K: Differential diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis in a spinal cord injured client, Case report presented in partial fulfillment of DPT 910, Principles of Differential Diagnosis, Institute for Physical Therapy Education, Chester, Pennsylvania, 2005, Widener University.
Powell M: Duplex ultrasound screening for deep vein thrombosis in spinal cord injured patients at rehabilitation admission. Arch Phys Med Rehab 80:1044–1046, 1999.
Agnelli G, Sonaglia F: Prevention of venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res 97(1):V49–V62, 2000. Medline abstracts
Bauer K: Hypercoagulable states. Hematology 10(Suppl 1):39, 2005.
Wu O, Robertson L, Langhorne P, et al: Oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, thrombophilias, and risk of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review. The Thrombosis: Risk and Economic Assessment of Thrombophilia Screening (TREATS) Study. Thromb Haemost 94(1):17–25, 2005. Medline abstracts
Gomes MP, Deitcher SR: Risk of venous thromboembolic disease associated with hormonal contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy: a clinical review. Arch Intern Med 164(18):1965–1976, 2004. Medline abstracts
Constans J: A clinical prediction score for upper extremity deep venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 99:202–207, 2008. Medline abstracts
Sacks D, Bakal C, Beatty P, et al: Position statement on the use of the ankle brachial index in the evaluation of patients with peripheral vascular disease. J Vasc Interv Radiol 14(9 Pt 2):S389, 2003.
de Virgilio C: Ascending aortic dissection in weight lifters with cystic medial degeneration. Ann Thorac Surg 49(4):638–642, 1990. Medline abstracts
Kario K, Tobin J, Wolfson L, et al: Lower standing systolic blood pressure as a predictor of falls in the elderly: a community-based prospective study. J Am Coll Cardiol 38(1): 246–252, 2001. Medline abstracts
Ageno W: Treatment of venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res 97(1):V63–V72, 2000. Medline abstracts